Those conditions are the quest by ethnic and religious groups for ethnic conflict or religious dominance. the re-introduction of democracy in Nigeria in 1999, Nigeria has become a permanent flashpoint of violent conflicts. Violence in Nigeria in its various forms has evolved over the decades; from use of traditional weapons, charms and hamlets, violence in Nigeria has taken sophisticated dimension. 3) Favoritism. These conflicts are political, ethnic, or religious in nature, and the consequences are devastating. 4. The Northern Peoples Congress (NPC) was formed in the first Republic and it was a Hausa-Fulani party. recognition among the various ethnic groups that led to the Nigerian civil war from 1967-70. This work is concerned more in explaining how the heterogeneous nature of Nigeria in respect of ethnical, cultural, lingual and tribal diversities constitute the major causes of inter ethnic violence conflicts ravaging the present day Nigeria and making political seats very hot and the country most ungovernable. The Amalgamation. Fearon, having identified the causes, said it became cheap to [] The competition between these groups is impelled by economic disparity and perceptions of political under- representation Ethnicity can also be explained in terms of race, people and ethnic group, these are fundamentals that are at the nucleus of African social, cultural and political organisation. 2. Poverty in Nigeria is the plurality of households in Nigeria that live on less than $1 per day. Structural disparity. Colleges of Education, causes and the solutions. Causes of Ethnicity The causes for this drawback are the crux of this article. A. Oladiti , Adetoun Esther Adenuga Political Science The government should be aware of it to control the situation and much more development in the country. 232-233) In Uganda, the 1960s crisis occurred as a result of the anger or resentment or jealousy of the self imposed representatives of the other ethnic groups at the historical advantages of the Baganda ethnic group, which they got from the British imperial favors. By Max Webers classic definition, cited by T. F. Pettigrew, an ethnic group is a human collectivity based on an assumption of common origin, real or imagined (1974, 180). In some colonial territories, for instance Nigeria, the strategy of decolonization gave impetus to political ethnicity. Then, under pressure from Re: Our Diversity Is The Cause Of Our Disunity by jomoh: 8:50pm On Jun 16, 2017. deedeedee1: There are 57 ethnic groups in china. The following three Nigeria is a multi-ethnic nation with cultural differences between its component ethnic groups. From the north to the coast, the range in types of social system, dress, diet and languages far exceeds that to be found elsewhere in the world. How is Nigeria a diverse country? Egbefo, D. O. There are 56 reported ethnic groups in China, without mentioning the sub ethnic groups. Journal Of Ethnic Studies, 16 (5). Internal Security Crisis in Nigeria: Causes, Types, Effects and Solutions in Internal Journal of Arts and Humanities (IJAH), Vol.3, no. The research evidence abounds that the students enrolment for science education in the Nigeria colleges of education reduces every year. This diversity has resulted into two major problems namely: It is therefore imperative to investigate the root causes of Boko Haram insurgency in the country. A cultural expert, Prince Adelegan Adegbola has disclosed that one the challenges causing ethnic misunderstanding in Nigeria today is In this address to participants at the Presidential Retreat on Peace and Conflict Resolution, held in Kuru, Jos, Governor Abdullahi Adamu advocates the economic empowerment of disadvantaged Nigerians to halt their manipulation by unscrupulous politicians and other powerful individuals There is a big disparity in geographic size and population among the various ethnic, religious, and cultural groups in Because allocation of resources is The negative impacts of ethnicity in Nigeria The question of whether Nigeria is underdeveloped is not disputed. The foregoing discussion of the travails and struggles of ethnic minority communities in Rivers and Kaduna States the former contending against economic expropriation and the latter against both cultural extinction and politico-economic marginalization may now be related to the wider dimensions and conditions of ethnic minority alienation and discontent in the We looked at different causes of These political The Complexities of Nigerian Federal Character and the Inadequacies of the Federal Character Principle in Nigeria. Ethnicity emergence of Nigeria federalism has without measur e caused feelings of ethnic identity and as a result; rejection became the basis of Ethnic division fueled by inadequate governance and uneven economic development has led some ethnic based groups to regard violence as a legitimate means to achieve political and social ends. Causes of ethnic conflict, civil war, and military intervetion in Nigeria Divergence in a country does not mean violence, in the contrary Ethno-religious conflicts, attributed to actors primarily divided by cultural, ethnic, or religious communities and identities, such as instances of religious violence between Christian and Muslim communities. Ethnic Conflict CAUSES OF ETHNIC CONFLICT IN NIGERIA. This paper examines ethnic politics as an explanation for conflict in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. In Nigerias 1953 constitutional conference in London, it was decided that Lagos be excised from the Western Region and be made a neutral Federal territory. (See H. Wolpe, Urban Politics in Nigeria (1974), pp. Ethnicity and ethnic conflicts are, as such, seen as superior concepts by most African critics. The key causes and solution to ethnic conflict in Nigeria are discussed here. Tribalism: Nigerians tend to segregate and discriminate against people that are not from the same tribe. This causes jealousy, hatred and can further cause conflict between two or more ethnic groups. affiliations of Nigerias population are limited, unreliable, and contested; questions concerning religion are not integrated into the national census. Undoubtedly, strong ethnic identities and the fear of political domination by other ethnic groups, which were developed during the pre-colonial Nigeria, created ethnic cleavages in pre- independent Nigeria. 4) Corruption and Inept Leadership. What are the major causes of ethnic conflict? The data were obtained through focus group discussi Perceived causes of eclampsia in four ethnic groups in Borno State, Nigeria However, of recent, a number of the studies are showing that diabetes gangrene which used to be an uncommon indication is becoming an important cause Previous elections in 1999, 2003, and 2007 were characterised by sectional tensions and violence. 3) Favoritism. between the diverse ethnic groups with the political environment that produces ethnicity. It is often characterized by inter-ethnic discrimination in jobs, housing, admission into higher institutions, scholarships, distribution of Introduction: Many previous studies from Nigeria have recognized trauma and complications of management of musculo-skeletal conditions by traditional bone setters (TBS) as the leading cause of amputation in Nigeria. (2014). 6) Marginalization of Some Ethnic Groups in the Country. By Chris Onuoha. Resource control this is another issue which causes ethnic conflicts in the country. Differing views on what causes militancy include political and social arguments examining historical ethnic rivalries and their effect on the political landscape. Compounding the problem of underdevelopment in Nigeria is micro nationalism, ethnic, religious and communal conflicts which pose great threat to peace, security and progress. of conflict in Nigeria. Numerous ancient African civilizations settled in the region that is known today as Nigeria, such as the Kingdom of Nri, the Benin Empire, and the Oyo Empire. Trends, Nature and magnitude of Ethno-religious Conflicts in dominance political interests and the plural nature of Nigeria are the major cause of ethno- religious crisis which leads to mass loss of lives and properties, Another ethno-religious conflict that left a remarkable mark in Nigeria was the Kaduna/Enugu riots. About 48% of this large population reside in cities while the remaining 52% reside in rural areas. In the spirit of indirect rule, the major administrative and political units of Nigeria were made to coincide with the spatial locations of the three major ethnic groups. Nigeria has almost 300. The aim of the study was to identify the perceived causes of eclampsia, a leading cause of maternal death in the State. Amalgamation of the northern and southern protectorates made up of many ethnic groups with different languages and cultures, was an 2) Tribalism. People tend to promote the needs or interest of their ethnic above others because of the following: Lack of trust: People find it difficult to trust other people from another tribe or ethnic group; because of that they lose interest in other people that is not from their tribe. ; Herderfarmer conflicts, typically involving disputes over land and/or cattle Hausa-Fulani. respect of ethnical, cultural, lingual and tribal diversities constitute the major causes of inter ethnic violence conflicts ravaging the present day Nigeria and making political seats very hot and the country most ungovernable. 2) Tribalism. Tribalism. Like many other African nations, Nigeria was an artificial structure initiated by the British which had neglected to consider religious, linguistic, and ethnic differences [citation needed]. All these point to the fact that various ethnic groups do not get along easily with each other. For instance, in Nigeria the ethnic factor is seen when political parties are formed and during elections. This is one of the major ills plaguing the country. In Nigeria, most citizens between the ages of 20-60 believe that ethnicity is the leading cause of discrimination. All these point to the fact that various ethnic groups do not get along easily with each other. Causes of the conflict. Time Line of ethno religious Crisis in Nigeria 2000: Thousands of people are killed in northern Nigeria as non-Muslims opposed to the introduction of Sharia, or Islamic law, fight Muslims who demand its implementation in the northern state of Kaduna. Nigeria, like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), is made up of a complex mix of ethnic, religious, and regional groups. A fifth group, the Ijaw, has been growing in population and influence and currently makes up another 10 percent. Footnote 5 By focusing primarily on postcolonial causes, much of this research overlooks longer-term factors that have affected variance in key underlying factors, such as the political salience of ethnic differences. Speaking on Saturday, January 8 during a courtesy visit to the palace of Umar Farouk, Emir of Katagum, shortly after attending the wedding of Fatima Adamu, daughter of Adamu Adamu, Education minister, in Azare, Bauchi state. Causes of the Nigerian Civil War and Economic Effects www.oasdom.com Nigerian Civil War Effects The effects of the Nigeria civil war can still be felt everywhere in the country at varying degrees. The central problem addressed in this study was how ethnic diversity influenced managerial choices in Nigeria. In Nigerias 1953 constitutional conference in London, it was decided that Lagos be excised from the Western Region and be made a neutral Federal territory. Colonization, the struggle for position and power, resource control, social class status and land dispute has been the causes of ethnic conflicts within Nigeria. Abstract. 1) Amalgamation. This study examined the impact of Fake News in Nigeria: Causes, Effects and its Management in Nigeria and the world at large. Ethnicity in Nigeria. deficient official crime and violence statistics. Economic factors have been identified as one of the major causes of conflict in Africa. This causes jealousy, hatred and can further cause conflict between two or more ethnic groups. A major cause of what we now see as ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria has to do with the accusations and allegations of neglect, oppression, domination, exploitation, victimization, discrimination, marginalization, nepotism and bigotry. The objectives of ethnocentrism, ethnic separatism or primordialism. However, there is enough data to support important claims about Nigerias religious landscape. Conflicts refer to disputes, disagreements, quarrels, struggles, fights and wars between individuals, groups and countries. Nigeria's Vice-President, Yemi Osinbajo has opined that ethnicity, religion or class cannot separate Nigeria. Eghosa, E. O. 13 Causes of Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. This is a historical conflict in the country, and one of the major strong points Insecurity in Nigeria comes in different forms as Boko Haram insurgency, Farmer-herdsmen clashes, communal conflicts and religious crises, armed banditry, kidnapping, political and ethnic cleansing etc. in Nigeria, they yet assume one ethnic group namely in the Yoruba nation. 7) Constitutional Reform. The Vice-President, Yemi Osinbajo said on Saturday Nigeria would not disintegrate despite its current challenges. Population growth was outstripping that of gross domestic product even before the pandemic sent Africas Causes Of Ethnic Conflict Within Nigeria Disclaimer. Colonization, the struggle for position and power, resource control, social class status and land dispute has been the causes of ethnic conflicts within Nigeria. The incessant ethnic and religious conflicts have become a major problem confronting the two states and the nation at large. 3) Favoritism. There are less than 20 majors ethnic groups in Nigeria. Communal conflicts in Nigeria can be divided into two broad categories: [dubious discuss]. concept of ethnic wars as a myth because they argue that the root causes of ethnic conflict do not involve ethnicity but rather institutional, political, and economic factors. Abstract. Ethnicity, Inequality and the Tragedy of African Development: A Comparative Case Study of Nigeria and the South Sudan A. S. Idowu , A. The organisation of national festivals, celebration, the introduction of traditional holidays and even religion will contribute to the possible solutions to ethnic conflicts. In the case of Nigeria, its conflictual nature stem from interethnic competition for power and scarce resources. Top 5 causes of the current religious crisis in Nigeria and possible solutions. From the foregoing, it is obvious that the reality behind the various violent confrontations and conflicts in different parts of Nigeria is division and disunity along ethnic and religious lines. 8) Religious Intolerance. Nigeria is usually characterised as a deeply divided state in which major political issues are vigorously some would say violently contested along the lines of the complex ethnic, religious, and regional divisions in the country (cf. Next to this proximate cause, are the underlying causes of Nigerias conflicts; one of such being the perception of mutual agreements and lack of trust amongst the elites and between the ethnic groups within the Nigerian state.Of course, in a plural state like Nigeria, one should not expect the least in complex perceptions and opinions. There are many causes of Poverty in Nigeria. title: the causes and effects of ethnicity in nigerian politics; using the 2019 presidential election as a case study to predict the 2023 presidential election. Nigeria has over 250 ethnic groups [18, 19]. show that these factors seem more likely to be causes than effects of poverty in Nigeria. Amongst black nations of the world, Nigeria is the most populous and it is the most populated country in Africa with a population of over 160 million people [16, 18]. THE Presidency yesterday accused Governor Samuel Ortom of Benue State of taking the cheapest and lowest route by playing ethnic politics that causes deaths of innocent Nigerians. 4. Ethnicity is more than skin color or physical characteristics, more than language, song, and dance. Religion, ethnicity cannot break up Nigeria Osinbajo. 6) Marginalization of Some Ethnic Groups in the Country. The research problem of this study is Ethnic and religious conflicts in Kaduna and Plateau States and their Implications for the Socio-economic and political development of Nigeria. Ethnicity is also the act of promoting the needs and interest of a group of people speaking the same language. 7) Constitutional Reform. The Hausas and Igbos still walk on eggs around each other, the Nigerian civil war has made tribalism or ethnic rivalry chewed deeper still. Nigeria is a country with a high poverty rate. Causes of Ethnicity. Nigeria was engulfed in 30 months civil war as a result of ethnic tension that had brewed for a long period of time. Survivors of The standard of living of Nigerians deteriorate more every passing day, week, month, and year due to the rapidly increasing rate of unemployment in Nigeria. Ethnic conflict in Nigeria is persistently happening because of the fact that ethnic loyalty serve as the pillar of ethnic conflict, ethnic loyalty in Nigerian context In The virus of ethnicity has been one of the most definitive causes of social crisis, injustice, inequality and religio-political instability in Nigeria. Then, under pressure from The conflict was the result of economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. The history of Nigeria can be traced to settlers trading across the middle East and Africa as early as 1100 BC. Nigerians are very sensitive when it comes to their ethnic groups. An average Nigerian often sees his own tribe as being superior to others. Ethnic conflicts are very common and they bring about damage to lives and properties. However, for the purposes of the analysis of the situation in Sierra Leone, both terms are used interchangeably for a clearer understanding of the Sierra Leonean context. Religious affiliation is often, but not always, linked to Nigerias notable ethnic diversity. Poverty In Nigeria Caused By Corruption. Key Words: Ethnicity; Identity Crisis; National Integration; Nigeria I. Arts Apr 5, 2007 12:39 PM EST. Explaining separatist agitations. Rev Josiah Idowu Fearon, the Chairman of Kaduna State Peace Commission, has identified ethnic profiling and stereotyping as the major causes of conflict among residents in Southern Kaduna and its environs which has resulted in ethnic violence, killings and destructions of properties over the years. For instance, in Nigeria the ethnic factor is seen when political parties are formed and during elections. The Northern Peoples Congress (NPC) was formed in the first Republic and it was a Hausa-Fulani party. & Salihu, H. A. Causes of ethnic crisis in Nigeria are many comprising of both long and short term factors. (this is an update of my bachelors thesis politics and ethnicity in nigeria, the case of 2015 presidential election The secessionist Biafran war in Nigeria also failed. In some colonial territories, for instance Nigeria, the strategy of decolonization gave impetus to political ethnicity. Hausa people are estimated CONFLICTS IN NIGERIA: CAUSES. Causes of Ethnic Conflict. From the foregoing, it is obvious that the reality behind the various violent confrontations and conflicts in different parts of Nigeria is division and disunity along ethnic and religious lines. The economic picture in Nigeria is dire. TRIBALISM; Tribalism: Nigerians tend to segregate and discriminate against people that are not from the same tribe. In Nigerian context, ethnicity or tribalism is defined as social phenomenon associated with the identity of members of a competing communal group(s) seeking to protect and advance their interest in a political system. II. 5) Resource Control. 5) Resource Control. To achieve the objective of the study, a total of ninety members of the Joint Task Force (JTF) operating in Maiduguri in Borno State were sampled through the use of Literature Review There is a relatively large literature addressing poverty in Nigeria. This research material Causes Of Ethnic Conflict Within Nigeria is for research purposes and should be used as a guide in developing your research project / seminar work. This has added to the sense of crisis in the country. Ethnic conflicts in Nigeria and Africa in general arise as result of scarcity of political resources, multi-culturalism, religion, militarisation of ethnicity among Since Nigeria is formed of so many ethnic groups, the nation is divided, and the country lacks real unity. 1) Amalgamation. 4) Corruption and What are the major causes of ethno-religious conflict in Nigeria? The foregoing discussion of the travails and struggles of ethnic minority communities in Rivers and Kaduna States the former contending against economic expropriation and the latter against both cultural extinction and politico-economic marginalization may now be related to the wider dimensions and conditions of ethnic minority alienation and discontent in the Islam reached Nigeria through the Bornu Empire between (1068 AD) and Hausa States around (1385 AD) during the Profile The history of the modern Nigerian nation-state has been characterised by turbulent, contentious and often violent politics (Lewis & Watts, 2013, p.10). 4) Corruption and Inept Leadership. Political, electoral, religious, ethnic/tribal, cultism and other forms of violence are dominant in the Nigerian society, at varying degrees. 13 Causes of Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. The war was fought, won and lost but the ethnic suspicions and hatred still remains unabated. A key cause of ethnic problem in What are the major causes of ethno-religious conflict in Nigeria? 13 Causes of Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. The relevant communal factor may be language, culture, race, religion and/or common history. Secular activities. Taraba State has not been an exception since its creation in (1988). This diversity creates a web of individual, intersecting, and recursive identities, which are considered by many to be the main sources of the violent conflicts that frequently erupt there. Boko Haram insurgency is the most devastating experience encountered during Nigerias fourth republic. In the spirit of indirect rule, the major administrative and political units of Nigeria were made to coincide with the spatial locations of the three major ethnic groups. From 2000 to 2010 Nigeria lost more than 7,771 lives to religious and ethnic tensions. But in sociology view ethnic is a different culture and a core for discrimination politics. The multi-ethnic nature of Nigerias composition has exposed her to ethnic conflicts, dissatisfaction rivalry and even threat of secession. The political disruption caused by ethnic militia related violence in Nigeria prevented the first 3 attempts at republican democracy. 1) Amalgamation. Poverty is at the root of some of the ethnic crises Nigeria faces. insecurity in Nigeria that have had a negative impact on food production and food security for a long time. Both northern and southern region have some religious and ethnic minorities, which see the main ethnic groups as oppressors. There are various causes of unemployment in Nigeria such as; Low standard of education, corruption, lack of steady power supply, high rate of tribalism, This year has seen a further intensification of conflicts and clashes, in different parts of Nigeria, between herdsmen and farmers in some areas and different ethnic groups in others. Historical Background Even though the Niger Delta has about forty ethnic groups with the main ones being Urhobo, Ogoni, Ukwuani and Isoko, two major ethnic groups have been identified over the years to be in conflict on issues related directly or indirectly to the global conflict situation in Smyth and Robinson 2001). Ethnic conflict arises if ethnic groups compete for the same goalnotably power, access to resources, or territory. The multi-ethnic nature of Nigerias composition has exposed her to ethnic conflicts, dissatisfaction rivalry and even threat of secession. However, of recent, a number of the studies are showing that diabetes gangrene which used to be an uncommon indication is becoming an important cause ethnocentrism, ethnic separatism or primordialism. Ethnic violence has been witnessed in almost all regions in the country but with particular frequency in the Niger Delta, the Muslim North and Northwest, and along the middle-belt (Uzodike and Whetho 2011:220). One of the structural causes of conflict in the country is the unequal distribution of resources from the centre to the two lower tiers of government, as well as competition over these resources. causes of religious conflicts in Nigeria and, advocated for ethical principles such as the common solidarity of humanity by origin, forgiveness and tolerance that could engender cordiality and understanding rather than sustained hostility and suspicion in Theorists believe that competition for scarce resources is a common factor in almost all ethnic conflicts in Africa. And data on number of deaths and causes will be subject to certain biases - e.g. Nigeria is both, a developing country and one with a weak democracy, there are many causes to this, such as problems with natural resources, and unable to maintain a strong formal government, but mainly it all could be traced back to the fact that it has a divided society where there is no sense of nationality. 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